What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Trusted Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today!

What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Trusted Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today!

stairs

Exploring the Importance of Local Experience and Expertise


When it comes to creating the perfect outdoor space in Knoxville, TN, the secret to hiring the best deck builder isnt just about finding someone who can simply put wood together. Its about finding a craftsman who understands the local climate, the nuances of regional materials, and who can offer insights that only come from years of experience in the area.


First off, the importance of local experience cannot be overstated. A deck builder from Knoxville will have a firsthand understanding of how the Tennessee climate can affect various materials. pergola For instance, theyll know how the humid summers and relatively mild winters can impact wood or composite materials. What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Professional Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today! . This kind of knowledge ensures that the materials chosen will not only look good but will also endure the test of time and weather.


Moreover, local expertise means being familiar with the building codes and regulations specific to Knoxville. This is crucial because non-compliance can lead to serious issues, from fines to the dismantling of your newly built deck. A local builder would ensure all regulations are met, thus avoiding such pitfalls.


Another key factor is the builders connection with local suppliers. This can often mean better material prices, thanks to established relationships, and assurance of material quality and availability. Also, should there be any issues with the materials, resolving them would be quicker with a local supplier.


Its also worth mentioning that hiring locally contributes to the communitys economy. By choosing a local deck builder, youre supporting local businesses which is beneficial for the communitys economic health.


However, finding the right person for the job might seem daunting! You should start by looking at reviews and asking for references. Dont just listen to what they say, but look at what theyve done.

stairs

  1. repair
  2. hardware
  3. timber
  4. custom
  5. strength
  6. guarantee
Ask for a portfolio of past projects. A trustworthy deck builder wont hesitate to showcase their previous work and should be able to provide testimonials from past clients.


In conclusion, the secret to hiring the best deck builder in Knoxville lies in valuing local experience and expertise. A local builder offers more than just construction-they bring a wealth of knowledge about the area's climate, materials, and legal requirements.

pergola

  • expert
  • consultation
  • propertyvalue
  • patio
  • cutting
  • structure
This all adds up to not just a deck, but a long-lasting addition to your home that you'll enjoy for years to come. Dont just build a deck, invest in your outdoor space by choosing someone who truly knows the local landscape!

Understanding the Value of Custom Design Services and Portfolio Reviews


When it comes to hiring the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, understanding the value of custom design services and the importance of portfolio reviews cannot be overstated. The secret lies in finding a builder who not only possesses the technical skills necessary for constructing a durable and beautiful deck, but who also understands the subtleties of personalized design and client collaboration.


Custom design services are crucial because each homeowner has unique preferences and needs. A deck should not just be functional; it should also complement the houses architecture, fit the landscape, and reflect the lifestyle of the owner. Experienced deck builders in Knoxville should offer a consultation process that allows you to express your visions and concerns. This personalized approach ensures that the final product is tailored specifically to your desires and requirements.


Now, portfolio reviews play a pivotal role too. They offer prospective clients like yourself a glimpse into the builder's craftsmanship and versatility. By examining past projects, you can gauge whether their style aligns with your aesthetic preferences and quality expectations. However, its important to look beyond the surface (beauty of the designs) and consider the materials used, the sturdiness of the constructions, and the feedback from previous clients. Don't hesitate to ask for references or to reach out to past clients to hear about their experiences firsthand.


Moreover, a reliable deck builder should be transparent about their sourcing of materials and the cost implications of various options. They should be able to provide you with a detailed quote and explain the benefits and drawbacks of different materials and design choices. This level of detail and openness is essential for building trust and ensuring there are no surprises during the construction process.


In summary, the secret to hiring the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, lies in recognizing the importance of custom design services and thorough portfolio reviews. These elements are critical in ensuring that your deck not only meets your functional needs but also enhances the overall beauty and value of your home. So take your time, do your research, and choose a builder who will work with you to transform your outdoor space into a lasting oasis!

Navigating Contracts and Warranties: Your Safety Net


When youre looking to transform your outdoor living space with a beautiful new deck, hiring the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN is crucial. The secret to finding the right builder isn't just about who can offer the lowest price, but who can ensure quality and durability. Here are some trusted solutions to help you make a wise choice!


Firstly, always check the builders credentials. A reputable deck builder should have all the necessary licenses and insurances required by local laws. This not only protects you, but it also guarantees that the workmanship adheres to safety standards. Don't hesitate to request proof of these documents; a genuine professional won't mind showing these to you!


Next, experience matters (a lot!). Look for a builder who has been in the business for several years. Experienced builders have tackled various projects and faced numerous challenges, which means they're more likely to handle any issues that might arise during your project smoothly. Ask for a portfolio of their past work and don't just glance through-really examine the details and ask questions about the materials used and the challenges faced.


Reviews and testimonials (theyre like gold!). Reading what other homeowners have to say about a builder can provide invaluable insights. Platforms like Google, Yelp, and even Facebook offer a space for customers to leave honest feedback. A builder with overwhelmingly positive reviews is likely a good bet, but do read through the negative ones as well to see how the builder responds. A professional who addresses complaints in a constructive and polite manner is a good sign of reliable customer service.


Don't forget to discuss warranties and contracts! A solid warranty can serve as your safety net, ensuring that any post-installation issues are handled without extra charges. Make sure the contract clearly outlines the scope of the project, materials to be used, timelines, payment schedules, and warranty details. This not only protects your investment but also sets clear expectations between you and the builder.


Lastly, communication is key! The best deck builder for your project should be someone who listens to your needs and expresses their ideas clearly. They should keep you updated throughout the project and be easy to contact. Remember, a successful project relies heavily on effective communication from both parties.


So, when you're ready to enjoy your long-lasting outdoor space, taking these steps will help ensure you hire the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN! A beautiful, well-built deck is not just an addition to your home-it's an enhancement to your lifestyle. Happy building!

The Role of Customer Reviews and Testimonials in Making Your Decision


When deciding to build a deck in Knoxville, TN, one crucial step is choosing the right builder for the job. Its not just about finding someone who can physically construct the deck, but finding someone who can bring your vision to life and ensure it lasts for years to come. This is where customer reviews and testimonials play a vital role.


Firstly, reviews and testimonials provide an insight into the experiences of past customers. They offer a firsthand look at the quality of work and the builders ability to meet deadlines and budgets. More importantly, they reveal how the builders handle problems (which often arise in construction projects). A deck builder who is prompt in addressing issues and ensuring customer satisfaction is likely the one you want to hire!


However, its essential to approach these reviews critically. Sometimes, a negative review might be due to a misunderstanding rather than poor service. Therefore, its helpful to read through a variety of testimonials to get a balanced view. Also, its beneficial to check if the builder has responded to negative reviews in a professional manner. This response can tell you a lot about their customer service and integrity.




resurfacing

  1. stairs
  2. resurfacing
  3. pergola
  4. remodel

Moreover, positive testimonials can sometimes be just as revealing. Pay close attention to mentions of the builders attention to detail, craftsmanship, and communication. These are key qualities that contribute to a well-built, long-lasting deck.


Remember, the secret to hiring the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN lies in doing your homework! Dont just rely on advertisements or the first Google result. Use the experiences of others (through reviews and testimonials) to gauge the reliability and quality of the deck builders youre considering. After all, building a deck is a significant investment, and you want to ensure it's done right!


In conclusion, while customer reviews and testimonials are invaluable in choosing a deck builder, they should be part of a broader research strategy. Check the builders credentials, visit completed projects if possible, and always get multiple quotes to ensure youre getting the best value for your money. With the right approach, youll find a trustworthy builder who will craft a beautiful and durable outdoor space for your home!

Deck Builder Knoxville TN

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Citations and other links

"Designed" and "Designing" redirect here. For other uses, see Design (disambiguation).
Braun ABW30 wall clock designed by Dieter Rams and Dietrich Lubs [de] (early 1980s)
Victorinox Swiss Army knife
Brionvega RR 126 [it] radiogram designed by Achille and Pier Giacomo Castiglioni
An image of cutlery designed by Zaha Hadid
Cutlery designed by architect and designer Zaha Hadid (2007). The slightly oblique end part of the fork and the spoons, as well as the knife handle, are examples of designing for both aesthetic form and practical function.
Early concept design sketches by the architect Erling Viksjø, exploring the relationships between existing and proposed new buildings
Béla Barényi holding car model
Barényi Béla, considered to be the father of safe driving and safety tests, preparing for safety development, which is a core part of the designing process

A design is the concept or proposal for an object, process, or system. The word design refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something – its design. The verb to design expresses the process of developing a design. In some cases, the direct construction of an object without an explicit prior plan may also be considered to be a design, such as in arts and crafts. A design is expected to have a purpose within a specific context, typically aiming to satisfy certain goals and constraints while taking into account aesthetic, functional and experiential considerations. Traditional examples of designs are architectural and engineering drawings, circuit diagrams, sewing patterns, and less tangible artefacts such as business process models.[1][2]

Designing

[edit]

People who produce designs are called designers. The term 'designer' usually refers to someone who works professionally in a design field. Within the professions, the word 'designer' is generally qualified by the area of practice (for example: a fashion designer, a product designer, a web designer, or an interior designer), but it can also designate other practitioners such as architects and engineers (see below: Types of designing). A designer's sequence of activities to produce a design is called a design process, with some employing designated processes such as design thinking and design methods. The process of creating a design can be brief (a quick sketch) or lengthy and complicated, involving considerable research, negotiation, reflection, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.

Designing is also a widespread activity outside of the professions of those formally recognized as designers. In his influential book The Sciences of the Artificial, the interdisciplinary scientist Herbert A. Simon proposed that, "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones."[3] According to the design researcher Nigel Cross, "Everyone can – and does – design," and "Design ability is something that everyone has, to some extent, because it is embedded in our brains as a natural cognitive function."[4]

History of design

[edit]
Main article: Design history

The study of design history is complicated by varying interpretations of what constitutes 'designing'. Many design historians, such as John Heskett, look to the Industrial Revolution and the development of mass production.[5] Others subscribe to conceptions of design that include pre-industrial objects and artefacts, beginning their narratives of design in prehistoric times.[6] Originally situated within art history, the historical development of the discipline of design history coalesced in the 1970s, as interested academics worked to recognize design as a separate and legitimate target for historical research.[7] Early influential design historians include German-British art historian Nikolaus Pevsner and Swiss historian and architecture critic Sigfried Giedion.

Design education

[edit]

In Western Europe, institutions for design education date back to the nineteenth century. The Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry was founded in 1818, followed by the United Kingdom's Government School of Design (1837), and Konstfack in Sweden (1844). The Rhode Island School of Design was founded in the United States in 1877. The German art and design school Bauhaus, founded in 1919, greatly influenced modern design education.[8]

Design education covers the teaching of theory, knowledge, and values in the design of products, services, and environments, with a focus on the development of both particular and general skills for designing. Traditionally, its primary orientation has been to prepare students for professional design practice, based on project work and studio, or atelier, teaching methods.

There are also broader forms of higher education in design studies and design thinking. Design is also a part of general education, for example within the curriculum topic, Design and Technology. The development of design in general education in the 1970s created a need to identify fundamental aspects of 'designerly' ways of knowing, thinking, and acting, which resulted in establishing design as a distinct discipline of study.[9]

Design process

[edit]

Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields, whether amateur or professional, alone or in teams, produce designs.[10] Design researchers Dorst and Dijkhuis acknowledged that "there are many ways of describing design processes," and compare and contrast two dominant but different views of the design process: as a rational problem-solving process and as a process of reflection-in-action. They suggested that these two paradigms "represent two fundamentally different ways of looking at the world – positivism and constructionism."[11] The paradigms may reflect differing views of how designing should be done and how it actually is done, and both have a variety of names. The problem-solving view has been called "the rational model,"[12] "technical rationality"[13] and "the reason-centric perspective."[14] The alternative view has been called "reflection-in-action,"[13] "coevolution"[15] and "the action-centric perspective."[14]

Rational model

[edit]

The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[16][17] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz.[18] It posits that:

  1. Designers attempt to optimize a design candidate for known constraints and objectives.
  2. The design process is plan-driven.
  3. The design process is understood in terms of a discrete sequence of stages.

The rational model is based on a rationalist philosophy[12] and underlies the waterfall model,[19] systems development life cycle,[20] and much of the engineering design literature.[21] According to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner.[22]

Typical stages consistent with the rational model include the following:[23]

Each stage has many associated best practices.[25]

Criticism of the rational model

[edit]

The rational model has been widely criticized on two primary grounds:

  1. Designers do not work this way – extensive empirical evidence has demonstrated that designers do not act as the rational model suggests.[13][14][26]
  2. Unrealistic assumptions – goals are often unknown when a design project begins, and the requirements and constraints continue to change.[12][27]

Action-centric model

[edit]

The action-centric perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to the rational model.[14] It posits that:

  1. Designers use creativity and emotion to generate design candidates.
  2. The design process is improvised.
  3. No universal sequence of stages is apparent – analysis, design, and implementation are contemporary and inextricably linked.[14]

The action-centric perspective is based on an empiricist philosophy and broadly consistent with the agile approach[28] and methodical development.[29] Substantial empirical evidence supports the veracity of this perspective in describing the actions of real designers.[26] Like the rational model, the action-centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge.[30]

At least two views of design activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both involve these three basic activities:

  • In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation process may lead to further moves in the design.[13]
  • In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its three titular activities. Sensemaking includes both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the process where the design agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the design object based on its mental picture of the context, and vice versa".[14]

The concept of the design cycle is understood as a circular time structure,[31] which may start with the thinking of an idea, then expressing it by the use of visual or verbal means of communication (design tools), the sharing and perceiving of the expressed idea, and finally starting a new cycle with the critical rethinking of the perceived idea. Anderson points out that this concept emphasizes the importance of the means of expression, which at the same time are means of perception of any design ideas.[32]

Philosophies

[edit]

Philosophy of design is the study of definitions, assumptions, foundations, and implications of design. There are also many informal 'philosophies' for guiding design such as personal values, personal aesthetics or preferred approaches.

Approaches to design

[edit]

Some of these values and approaches include:

  • Conscious design is an intentional, systems-aware approach that prioritizes the long-term impact of objects and environments on both human well-being and ecological health. It goes beyond just aesthetics by integrating circular economy principles, ethical material sourcing, and psychological health into the core of the design process.[33][34][35][36][37]
  • Critical design uses designed artefacts as an embodied critique or commentary on existing values, morals, and practices in a culture. Critical design can make aspects of the future physically present to provoke a reaction.[38][39][40]
  • Ecological design is a design approach that prioritizes the consideration of the environmental impacts of a product or service, over its whole lifecycle.[41][42] Ecodesign research focuses primarily on barriers to implementation, ecodesign tools and methods, and the intersection of ecodesign with other research disciplines.[43][44]
  • Participatory design (originally co-operative design, now often co-design) is the practice of collective creativity to design, attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end-users) in the design process to help ensure the result meets their needs and is usable.[45] Recent research suggests that designers create more innovative concepts and ideas when working within a co-design environment with others than they do when creating ideas on their own.[46][47]
  • Scientific design refers to industrialised design based on scientific knowledge.[48] Science can be used to study the effects and need for a potential or existing product in general and to design products that are based on scientific knowledge. For instance, a scientific design of face masks for COVID-19 mitigation may be based on investigations of filtration performance, mitigation performance,[49][50] thermal comfort, biodegradability and flow resistance.[51][52]
  • Service design is a term that is used for designing or organizing the experience around a product and the service associated with a product's use. The purpose of service design methodologies is to establish the most effective practices for designing services, according to both the needs of users and the competencies and capabilities of service providers.[53][54][55][56]
  • Sociotechnical system design, a philosophy and tools for participative designing of work arrangements and supporting processes – for organizational purpose, quality, safety, economics, and customer requirements in core work processes, the quality of peoples experience at work, and the needs of society.
  • Transgenerational design, the practice of making products and environments compatible with those physical and sensory impairments associated with human aging and which limit major activities of daily living.
  • User-centered design, which focuses on the needs, wants, and limitations of the end-user of the designed artefact. One aspect of user-centered design is ergonomics.
 

Types of designing

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dictionary meanings in the Cambridge Dictionary of American English, at Dictionary.com (esp. meanings 1–5 and 7–8) and at AskOxford (especially verbs).
  2. ^ "The greatest designs of modern times". Fortune. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  3. ^ Simon, Herbert A. (1969). The Sciences of the Artificial (first ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press. p. 54.
  4. ^ Cross, Nigel (2011). Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work. Berg. pp. 3 & 140. ISBN 978-1-84788-846-4.
  5. ^ Heskett, John (1963) Industrial Design. Thames & Hudson.
  6. ^ Huppatz, D. J. (2015). "Globalizing Design History and Global Design History". Journal of Design History. 28 (2): 182–202. doi:10.1093/jdh/epv002. ISSN 0952-4649. JSTOR 43831904.
  7. ^ Margolin, Victor (April 1, 2009). "Design in History". Design Issues. 25 (2): 94–105. doi:10.1162/desi.2009.25.2.94. eISSN 1531-4790. ISSN 0747-9360. S2CID 57562456.
  8. ^ Naylor, Gillian (1985). The Bauhaus Reassessed. Herbert Press. ISBN 0-906969-30-1.
  9. ^ Cross, Nigel (1982). "Design as a Discipline: Designerly Ways of Knowing". Design Studies. 3 (4): 221–227. doi:10.1016/0142-694X(82)90040-0.
  10. ^ Coyne, Richard (1990). "Logic of design actions". Knowledge-Based Systems. 3 (4): 242–257. doi:10.1016/0950-7051(90)90103-o. ISSN 0950-7051.
  11. ^ Dorst, Kees; Dijkhuis, Judith (1995). "Comparing paradigms for describing design activity". Design Studies. 16 (2): 261–274. doi:10.1016/0142-694X(94)00012-3.
  12. ^ a b c Brooks, F. P (2010). The Design of Design: Essays from a Computer Scientist. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-321-70206-7.
  13. ^ a b c d Schön, D.A. (1983) The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action, Basic Books, USA. ISBN 978-0465068784
  14. ^ a b c d e f Ralph, P. (2010) "Comparing two software design process theories". International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2010), Springer, St. Gallen, Switzerland, pp. 139–153. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13335-0_10.
  15. ^ Dorst, Kees; Cross, Nigel (2001). "Creativity in the design process: Co-evolution of problem–solution" (PDF). Design Studies. 22 (5): 425–437. doi:10.1016/S0142-694X(01)00009-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-11-02.
  16. ^ Newell, A., and Simon, H. (1972) Human problem solving, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  17. ^ Simon, H.A. (1996) The sciences of the artificial Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. p. 111. ISBN 0-262-69191-4.
  18. ^ Pahl, G., and Beitz, W. (1996) Engineering design: A systematic approach Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, Springer-Verlag, London. ISBN 3-540-19917-9.
  19. ^ Royce, W.W. (1970) "Managing the development of large software systems: Concepts and techniques," Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Proceedings of Wescon.
  20. ^ Bourque, P., and Dupuis, R. (eds.) (2004) Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge Archived 2012-01-24 at the Wayback Machine (SWEBOK). IEEE Computer Society Press, ISBN 0-7695-2330-7.
  21. ^ Pahl, G., Beitz, W., Feldhusen, J., and Grote, K.-H. (2007 ) Engineering design: A systematic approach Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, (3rd ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 1-84628-318-3.
  22. ^ Mielnik, Anna. Under the power of reason. Krakow University of Technology. Archived from the original on 2022-08-27. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
  23. ^ Condrea, Ionut; Botezatu, C.; Slătineanu, L.; Oroian, B. (February 2021). "Elaboration of the initial requirements in the design activities". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1037 (1) 012002. Bibcode:2021MS&E.1037a2002S. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1037/1/012002. S2CID 234019940.
  24. ^ Cross, N., (2006). T211 Design and Designing: Block 2, p. 99. Milton Keynes: The Open University.
  25. ^ Ullman, David G. (2009) The Mechanical Design Process, Mc Graw Hill, 4th edition ISBN 0-07-297574-1
  26. ^ a b Cross, N., Dorst, K., and Roozenburg, N. (1992) Research in design thinking, Delft University Press, Delft. ISBN 90-6275-796-0.
  27. ^ McCracken, D.D.; Jackson, M.A. (1982). "Life cycle concept considered harmful". ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes. 7 (2): 29–32. doi:10.1145/1005937.1005943. S2CID 9323694. Archived from the original on 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  28. ^ Beck, K., Beedle, M., van Bennekum, A., Cockburn, A., Cunningham, W., Fowler, M., Grenning, J., Highsmith, J., Hunt, A., Jeffries, R., Kern, J., Marick, B., Martin, R.C., Mellor, S., Schwaber, K., Sutherland, J., and Thomas, D. (2001) Manifesto for agile software development Archived 2021-03-27 at the Wayback Machine.
  29. ^ Truex, D.; Baskerville, R.; and Travis, J. (2000). "Amethodical systems development: The deferred meaning of systems development methods". Accounting, Management and Information Technologies. 10 (1): 53–79. doi:10.1016/S0959-8022(99)00009-0.
  30. ^ Faste, Trygve; Faste, Haakon (2012-08-15). "Demystifying "design research": design is not research, research is design" (PDF). Industrial Designers Society of America. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-19. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  31. ^ Fischer, Thomas "Design Enigma. A typographical metaphor for enigmatic processes, including designing", in: T. Fischer, K. De Biswas, J.J. Ham, R. Naka, W.X. Huang, Beyond Codes and Pixels: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia, p. 686
  32. ^ Anderson, Jane (2011) Architectural Design, Basics Architecture 03, Lausanne, AVA academia, p. 40. ISBN 978-2-940411-26-9.
  33. ^ "Conscious Design: Designing for People and the Planet". Steelcase. Steelcase Inc. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  34. ^ "The Rise of Conscious Design: Volvo Cars' commitment to a leather-free future" (PDF). Volvo Car Corporation. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  35. ^ "The Rise of Conscious Design". The Future Laboratory. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  36. ^ "Conscious Design Principles". The Center for Conscious Design. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  37. ^ "What is Conscious Design and How Do I Achieve It?". Inside Fashion Design. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  38. ^ Lab, MIT Media (16 July 2015). "Introducing the Media Lab Award". Medium.
  39. ^ Dunne, Anthony; Raby, Fiona (6 December 2013). Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01984-2. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  40. ^ Malpass, Matt (Spring 2015). "Criticism and Function in Critical Design Practice" (PDF). Design Issues. 31 (2): 59–71. doi:10.1162/DESI_a_00322. S2CID 57571804.
  41. ^ Kanaani, Mitra (2023). The Routledge companion to ecological design thinking: healthful ecotopian visions for architecture and urbanism. New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-003-18318-1. OCLC 1332789897.cite book: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ^ van der Ryn, Sim; Cowan, Stuart (1996). An Introduction to Ecological Design. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. ISBN 978-1-59726-140-1.
  43. ^ Schäfer M, Löwer M. Ecodesign—A Review of Reviews. Sustainability. 2021; 13(1):315. doi.org/10.3390/su13010315
  44. ^ Lewis, Tania (April 2008). "Transforming citizens? Green politics and ethical consumption on lifestyle television". Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies. 22 (2): 227–240. doi:10.1080/10304310701864394. S2CID 144299069.
  45. ^ Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N.; Stappers, Pieter Jan (2008). "Co-creation and the new landscape of design". CoDesign. 4 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1080/15710880701875068.
  46. ^ Mitchell, Val; Ross, Tracy; Sims, Ruth; Parker, Christopher J. (2015). "Empirical investigation of the impact of using co-design methods when generating proposals for sustainable travel solutions". CoDesign. 12 (4): 205–220. doi:10.1080/15710882.2015.1091894.
  47. ^ Trischler, Jakob; Pervan, Simon J.; Kelly, Stephen J.; Scott, Don R. (2018). "The Value of Codesign". Journal of Service Research. 21: 75–100. doi:10.1177/1094670517714060.
  48. ^ Cross, Nigel (1 June 1993). "Science and design methodology: A review". Research in Engineering Design. 5 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1007/BF02032575. ISSN 1435-6066. S2CID 110223861. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  49. ^ "Face shields, masks with valves ineffective against COVID-19 spread: study". phys.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  50. ^ Verma, Siddhartha; Dhanak, Manhar; Frankenfield, John (1 September 2020). "Visualizing droplet dispersal for face shields and masks with exhalation valves". Physics of Fluids. 32 (9): 091701. arXiv:2008.00125. Bibcode:2020PhFl...32i1701V. doi:10.1063/5.0022968. ISSN 1070-6631. PMC 7497716. PMID 32952381.
  51. ^ "Face masks slow spread of COVID-19; types of masks, length of use matter". phys.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  52. ^ Kumar, Sanjay; Lee, Heow Pueh (李孝培) (1 November 2020). "The perspective of fluid flow behavior of respiratory droplets and aerosols through the facemasks in context of SARS-CoV-2". Physics of Fluids. 32 (11): 111301. arXiv:2010.06385. Bibcode:2020PhFl...32k1301K. doi:10.1063/5.0029767. ISSN 1070-6631. PMC 7713871. PMID 33281434.
  53. ^ Segelström, Fabian; Raijmakers, Bas; Holmlid, Stefan (January 2009). "Thinking and Doing Ethnography in Service Design" (PDF). Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  54. ^ Buur, Jacob; Binder, Thomas; Brandt, Eva (2000-01-01). "Taking Video beyond 'Hard Data' in User Centred Design". Participatory Design Conference.
  55. ^ Holmlid, Stefan (2007-05-27). "Creative Arts". Nordes. Nordes 2007: Design Inquiries. 1 (2). doi:10.21606/nordes.2007.031. ISBN 978-1-912294-46-6. ISSN 1604-9705. S2CID 109110352 – via nordes.org in proceedings from Nordic Design Research Conference, Design Inquiries.
  56. ^ Sophia, Parker; Heapy, Joe (2006-07-01). "The Journey to the Interface, how public service design can connect users to reform" (PDF). Demos.

Further reading

[edit]
Library resources about
Design
 
 

 

 

For the 1990s sitcom, see Home Improvement (TV series). For other uses, see Home improvement (disambiguation).
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Merchandise on display in a hardware store

Home improvement is the process of renovating, making improvements or making additions to one's home.[1] Home improvement can consist of projects that upgrade an existing home interior (such as electrical and plumbing), exterior (masonry, concrete, siding, roofing) or other improvements to the property (i.e. garden work or garage maintenance/additions). Home improvement projects can be carried out for a number of different reasons; personal preference and comfort, maintenance or repair work, making a home bigger by adding rooms/spaces, as a means of saving energy, or to improve safety.[2]

Types of home improvement

[edit]

While "home improvement" often refers to building projects that alter the structure of an existing home, it can also include improvements to lawns, gardens, and outdoor structures, such as gazebos and garages. It also encompasses maintenance, repair, and general servicing tasks. Home improvement projects generally have one or more of the following goals:[citation needed]

Comfort

[edit]

Maintenance and repair

[edit]
Man painting a fence

Maintenance projects can include:

Additional space

[edit]

Additional living space may be added by:

  • Turning marginal areas into livable spaces such as turning basements into recrooms, home theaters, or home offices – or attics into spare bedrooms.
  • Extending one's house with rooms added to the side of one's home or, sometimes, extra levels to the original roof. Such a new unit of construction is called an "add-on".[3]

Saving energy

[edit]

Homeowners may reduce utility costs with:

Safety, emergency management, security and privacy

[edit]

The need to be safer or for better privacy or emergency management can be fulfilled with diversified measures which can be improved, maintained or added. Secret compartments and passages can also be conceived for privacy and security.

Home improvement industry

[edit]
Screws and bolts in an OBI home improvement store in Poland
Further information: Hardware store

Home or residential renovation is an almost $300 billion industry in the United States,[5] and a $48 billion industry in Canada.[6][full citation needed] The average cost per project is $3,000 in the United States and $11,000–15,000 in Canada.

Professional home improvement is ancient and goes back to the beginning of recorded civilization. One example is Sergius Orata, who in the 1st century B.C. is said by the writer Vitruvius (in his famous book De architectura) to have invented the hypocaust. The hypocaust is an underfloor heating system that was used throughout the Roman Empire in villas of the wealthy. He is said to have become wealthy himself by buying villas at a low price, adding spas and his newly invented hypocaust, and reselling them at higher prices.[7]

Renovation contractors

[edit]

Perhaps the most important or visible professionals in the renovation industry are renovation contractors or skilled trades. These are the builders that have specialized credentials, licensing and experience to perform renovation services in specific municipalities.

While there is a fairly large "grey market" of unlicensed companies, there are those that have membership in a reputable association and/or are accredited by a professional organization. Homeowners are recommended to perform checks such as verifying license and insurance and checking business references prior to hiring a contractor to work on their house.

Lifestyle publications often provide guidance for homeowners on budget-conscious upgrades, emphasizing strategies to refresh living spaces quickly and affordably.[8]

Because interior renovation will touch the change of the internal structure of the house, ceiling construction, circuit configuration and partition walls, etc., such work related to the structure of the house, of course, also includes renovation of wallpaper posting, furniture settings, lighting, etc.

Aggregators

[edit]

Aggregators are companies that bundle home improvement service offers and act as intermediary agency between service providers and customers.

[edit]

Home improvement was popularized on television in 1979 with the premiere of This Old House starring Bob Vila on PBS. American cable channel HGTV features many do-it-yourself shows, as does sister channel DIY Network.[9] Danny Lipford hosts and produces the nationally syndicated Today's Homeowner with Danny Lipford. Tom Kraeutler and Leslie Segrete co-host the nationally syndicated The Money Pit Home Improvement Radio Show.

Movies that poked fun at the difficulties involved include: Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948), starring Cary Grant and Myrna Loy; George Washington Slept Here (1942), featuring Jack Benny and Ann Sheridan; and The Money Pit (1986), with Tom Hanks and Shelley Long. The sitcom Home Improvement used the home improvement theme for comedic purposes.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Home improvement".
  2. ^ "HOME IMPROVEMENTS definition in American English | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. February 13, 2020.
  3. ^ "Add-on". English Oxford Living Dictionary (US). Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  4. ^ Use a Programmable Thermostat, Common Sense, to Reduce Energy Bills Archived July 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Brett Freeman, oldhouseweb.com
  5. ^ "Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, 2007" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  6. ^ "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation - Société canadienne d'hypothèques et de logement". Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
  7. ^ "Canada Homeowners Community - Example of Low-Cost Advices used by Canadian Homeowners (Community) for Home Improvement that boost the sale of your Home". Canada Homeowners Community. January 12, 2020.
  8. ^ Kalinowski, Allison (April 7, 2020). "Tips To Make Your Home Feel Like New This Weekend". HuffPost. Retrieved September 22, 2025.
  9. ^ Cerone, Daniel (September 17, 1991). "Tim Allen's Power Tools : Television: The comic who had Disney and cable executives abuzz parlayed his luck to develop 'Home Improvement". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Home improvement at Wikimedia Commons
Wikibooks logo
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Kitchen Remodel

 

This article is about the craft. For the novel, see Woodworking (novel). "Woodwork" and "Wood Work" redirect here. For the Fred Frith album, see Woodwork (album). For the Da BackWudz album, see Wood Work (album).
Wooden house with wooden furniture, spinning wheel, loom and various tools
Artists can use woodworking to create delicate sculptures.

Woodworking is the skill of making items from wood, and includes cabinetry, furniture making, wood carving, joinery, carpentry, and woodturning.

History

[edit]

Along with stone, clay, and animal parts, wood was one of the first materials worked by early humans. Microwear analysis of the Mousterian stone tools used by the Neanderthals show that many were used to work wood. The development of civilization was closely tied to the development of increasingly greater degrees of skill in working these materials.

Among the earliest finds of woodworking are shaped sticks displaying notches from Kalambo Falls in southern Africa, dating to around 476,000 years ago.[1] The Clacton spearhead from Clacton-on-Sea, England, dating to around 400,000 years ago,[2] the Schöningen spears, from Schöningen (Germany) dating around 300,000 years ago[3] and the Lehringen spear from northern Germany, dating to around 120,000 years ago,[4] provide some of the first examples of wooden hunting implements. Wooden tools likely used for domestic activities including probable awls have also been found at Schöningen.[5]

Flint tools were used for carving. Since Neolithic times, carved wooden vessels are known, for example, from the Linear Pottery culture wells at Kückhofen and Eythra.

Examples of Bronze Age woodcarving include tree trunks worked into coffins from northern Germany and Denmark and wooden folding-chairs. The site of Fellbach-Schmieden in Germany has provided fine examples of wooden animal statues from the Iron Age. Wooden idols from the La Tène period known from a sanctuary at the source of the Seine in France.

Ancient Egypt

[edit]
Ancient Egyptian woodworking

There is significant evidence of advanced woodworking in ancient Egypt.[6] Woodworking is depicted in many extant ancient Egyptian drawings, and a considerable amount of ancient Egyptian furniture (such as stools, chairs, tables, beds, chests) have been preserved. Tombs contain a large collection of these artifacts, and the inner coffins found within them were also made of wood. The metal used by the Egyptians for woodworking tools was originally copper and eventually, after 2000 BC, bronze, as iron working was unknown until much later.[7]

Commonly used woodworking tools included axes, adzes, chisels, pull saws, and bow drills. Mortise and tenon joints are attested from the earliest Predynastic period. These joints were strengthened using pegs, dowels and leather or cord lashings. Animal glue came to be used only in the New Kingdom period.[8] Ancient Egyptians invented the art of veneering and used varnishes for finishing. However, the composition of these varnishes is unknown. Although different native acacias were used, as was the wood from the local sycamore and tamarisk trees, deforestation in the Nile valley resulted in the need for the importation of wood, notably cedar, but also Aleppo pine, boxwood and oak, starting from the Second Dynasty.[9]

Ancient Rome

[edit]

Woodworking was essential to the Romans. It provided material for buildings, transportation, tools, and household items. Wood also provided pipes, dyes, waterproofing materials, and heat.[10]: 1 Although most examples of Roman woodworking have been lost,[10]: 2  the literary record preserved much of the contemporary knowledge. Vitruvius dedicates an entire chapter of his De architectura to timber, preserving many details.[11] Pliny, while not a botanist, dedicated six books of his Natural History to trees and woody plants, providing a wealth of information on trees and their uses.[12]

Ancient China

[edit]

The progenitors of Chinese woodworking are considered to be Lu Ban (魯班 pinyin: Lǔbān) and his wife Lady Yun, from the Spring and Autumn period (771 to 476 BC). Lu Ban is said to have introduced the plane, the chalk line, and other tools to China. His teachings were supposedly left behind in the book Lu Ban Jing (魯班經, "Manuscript of Lu Ban")(魯班經 pinyin: Lǔbān jīng). Despite this, it is believed that the text was written some 1500 years after his death. This book is largely filled with descriptions of dimensions for building various items, such as flower pots, tables, altars, etc., and also contains extensive instructions on Feng Shui. It mentions almost nothing of the intricate glue-less and nail-less joinery for which Chinese furniture was so famous.

Modern day

[edit]
CNC machine that operates on wood
Woodworking apron

With advances in technology and industry demands, the field of woodwork has changed. The development of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines, for example, has made it possible to mass-produce and reproduce products faster, with less waste, and often with more complex designs than ever before. CNC wood routers can carve complicated and highly detailed shapes into flat stock to create signs or art. Rechargeable power tools speed up the creation of many projects and require much less physical strength than in the past, for example, when boring multiple holes.

Skilled fine woodworking, however, remains a craft pursued by many. There remains demand for handcrafted work such as furniture and art; however, due to production rates and costs, consumer prices are much higher.

Modern wood carving usually refers to works of wood art produced by woodcarvers as contemporary art. This type of woodcarving often combines traditional techniques with more modern artistic styles and concepts. Modern woodcarving can be produced in a variety of forms and styles, from realistic to abstract, and often uses unusual woods, such as rain tree or woods with unique textures, to highlight the work's uniqueness.

In recent years, the art of modern woodcarving has become increasingly popular among woodworkers and visual art enthusiasts not only in Asia but also worldwide. Modern woodcarving art is often exhibited in art galleries and museums, and can be seen in several global contemporary art exhibitions.

Styles and designs

[edit]

Woodworking, especially furniture making, has many different designs/styles. Throughout its history, woodworking designs and styles have changed. Some of the more common styles are listed below. Traditional furniture styles usually include pieces that have been around for a long time and have long been associated with wealth and luxury. More modern furniture styles have been commonly used over the past few hundred years.[13]

Common woodworking/furniture styles
Traditional & timeless styles Modern furniture styles
Jacobean Antique
Dutch American colonial
Victorian Traditional
Art Deco Vintage
Sheraton Rustic
  Retro
  Modern
  Minimalism
  Contemporary

Materials

[edit]

See also Wood: Properties and Tonewood: Properties.

Historically, woodworkers relied on the woods native to their region until innovations in transportation and trade made more exotic woods available to the craftsman. Woods are typically sorted into three basic types: hardwoods typified by tight grain and derived from broadleaf trees, softwoods from coniferous trees, and manufactured materials such as plywood and MDF.

Hardwoods, botanically classified as angiosperms, are deciduous and shed their leaves annually in response to temperature changes.[14] Softwoods come from trees botanically known as gymnosperms, which are coniferous, cone-bearing, and stay green year round.[14] Although a general pattern, softwoods are not necessarily always "softer" than hardwoods, and vice versa.[15]

Softwood is most commonly found in regions with lower temperatures and is typically less durable, lighter in weight, and more vulnerable to pests and fungal attacks than hardwoods. They typically have a paler color and a more open grain than hardwoods, which contributes to the tendency of felled softwood to shrink and swell as it dries.[15] Softwoods usually have a lower density, around 432–592 kg/m3, which can compromise its strength.[15] Density, however, does vary within both softwoods and hardwoods depending on the wood's geographical origin and growth rate. However, the lower density of softwoods also allows them to have greater strength relative to their weight. In the United States, softwoods are typically cheaper and more readily available.[15] Most softwoods are suitable for general construction, especially framing, trim, and finish work, and carcassing.[16][15]

Hardwoods are separated into two categories, temperate and tropical hardwoods, depending on their origin. Temperate hardwoods are found in the regions between the tropics and the poles and are of particular interest to woodworkers for their cost-effective aesthetic appeal and their sustainable sourcing.[15] Tropical hardwoods are found within the equatorial belt, including Africa, Asia, and South America. Hardwoods flaunt a higher density, around 1041 kg/m3 as a result of slower growing rates, and are more stable when drying.[15] As a result of their high density, hardwoods are typically heavier than softwoods but can also be more brittle.[15] While there are an abundant number of hardwood species, only 200 are common enough and pliable enough to be used for woodworking.[17] Hardwoods have a wide variety of properties, making it easy to find a hardwood to suit nearly any purpose, but they are especially suitable for outdoor use due to their strength and resilience to rot and decay.[15] The coloring of hardwoods ranges from light to very dark, making it especially versatile for aesthetic purposes. However, because hardwoods are more closely grained, they are typically harder to work than softwoods. They are also harder to acquire in the United States and, as a result, are more expensive.[15]

Woodworking hand tools used in class at the Women's Woodshop in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

Typically, furniture such as tables and chairs is made from solid hardwood stock due to its strength and resistance to warping.[16] Additionally, they also have a greater variety of grain patterns and color, and take a finish better, which allows the woodworker to exercise a great deal of artistic liberty. Hardwoods can be cut more cleanly and leave less residue on sawblades and other woodworking tools.[16] Cabinet/fixture makers employ the use of plywood and other manufactured panel products. Some furniture, such as the Windsor chair, involves green woodworking, shaping with wood while it contains its natural moisture before drying.

Common softwoods used for furniture

[edit]
Warehouse of timber at a cardboard factory. Buryatia, Russia

Cedar

[edit]

Cedars are strong, aromatic softwoods that are capable of enduring outdoor elements, the most common of which is the western red cedar. Western red cedar can withstand wet conditions without rotting and, as a result, is commonly used for outdoor projects such as patios, outdoor furniture, and building exteriors. This wood can be easily found at most home centers in the US and Canada for a moderate price.[18]

Fir

[edit]

In the USA, fir, also known as Douglas fir, is inexpensive and readily available at local home centers. It has a characteristic straight, pronounced grain with a red-brown tint. However, its grain pattern is relatively plain, and it does not stain well, so fir is commonly used for finished products that will be painted. While commonly used for building, this softwood would also be suitable for furniture-making.[18]

Pine

[edit]

White pine, ponderosa, and southern yellow pine are common species used in furniture-making. White pine and ponderosa are typically used for indoor projects, while Southern yellow pine is recommended for outdoor projects due to its durability.[19]

Common hardwoods used for furniture

[edit]

Ash

[edit]

Ash is relatively easy to work with and takes stain well. However, ash is much more difficult to find than other common woods, and will not be found at the local home center. Larger lumber yards should have it in stock.[18]

Beech

[edit]

Hardwood of the European species Fagus sylvatica is widely used for furniture framing and carcase construction, in plywood, musical instruments (drum shells and piano blocks), and turned items like knobs.[20]

Birch

[edit]

Whether yellow or white birch, these hardwoods are stable and easy to work with. Despite this, birch is prone to blotching when stained, so painting birch products is probably best. Birch is easily found at many home centers and is a relatively inexpensive hardwood.[18]

Cherry

[edit]

Easy to work with, cherry wood is in high demand for its reddish-brown color and ease of staining and finishing. Cherry likely will not be at the local home center, but should be bought at a lumberyard for a higher price.[18] This hardwood is a very common material for furniture, and is resistant to normal wear-and-tear.[21]

Mahogany

[edit]

A hardwood, mahogany has a trademark reddish-brown to deep-red tint and is known as "one of the great furniture woods". However, mahogany is not typically grown in sustainably managed forests, and thus commands a steep price at local lumber yards.[18]

Oak

[edit]

With two varieties, red and white, oak is known to be easy to work with and relatively strong. However, furniture makers often opt for white oak over red oak for its attractive figure and moisture-resistance.[18] Depending on the kind needed, oak can probably be found at a local home center or a lumberyard for a bit pricier than other hardwoods.[22][18][21]

Maple

[edit]

With strength, sturdiness, and durability, maple is a common material for bedroom furniture and even china cabinets. Maple is moisture-resistant and frequently displays stand-out swirls in the wood grain, an aesthetically pleasing differentiator from other hardwoods. While most commonly a lighter color, maple can also take stains and paint well.[21]

Factors in choosing materials

[edit]

There are many factors to consider when deciding what type of wood to use for a project. One of the most important aspects is the workability of the wood: how it responds when worked by hand or with tools, the quality of the grain, and its response to adhesives and finishes.[15] When the workability of wood is high, it offers a lower resistance when cutting and has a diminished blunting effect on tools.[15] Highly workable wood is easier to manipulate into desired forms. If the wood grain is straight and even, it will be much easier to create strong and durable glued joints. Additionally, it will help protect the wood from splitting when nailed or screwed.[15] Coarse grains require a lengthy process of filing and rubbing down the grain to produce a smooth result.[15]

Another important factor is the wood's durability, especially with respect to moisture. If the finished project will be exposed to moisture (e.g., outdoor projects) or to high humidity or condensation (e.g., in kitchens or bathrooms), the wood needs to be especially durable to prevent rot. Because of their oily properties, many tropical hardwoods, such as teak and mahogany, are popular for these applications.[15]

Woods with good working properties

[edit]

Very durable woods

[edit]

Woods used for carving

[edit]

While many woods can be used for carving, there are some clear favorites, including aspen, basswood, butternut, black walnut, and oak.[23] Because it has almost no grain and is notably soft, Basswood is particularly popular with beginner carvers. It is used in many lower-cost instruments, such as guitars and electric basses.[23] Aspen is similarly soft, although slightly harder, and readily available and inexpensive.[23] Butternut has a deeper hue than basswood and aspen and has a nice grain that is easy to carve, and thus friendly for beginners. It is also suitable for furniture.[23] While more expensive than basswood, aspen, and butternut, black walnut is a popular choice for its rich color and grain.[23] Lastly, oak is a strong, sturdy, and versatile wood for carving with a defined grain. It is also a popular wood for furniture making.[23]

Tools

[edit]
See also: Tool vest and List of tools and equipment

Each area of woodworking requires a different set of tools. Power tools and hand tools are both used for woodworking. Many modern woodworkers choose to use power tools in their trade for added ease and time savings. However, many woodworkers still choose to use only hand tools for reasons such as tradition, experience, and the added character of the work. In contrast, others do so simply for their own enjoyment.

Hand tools

[edit]

Hand tools are classified as tools that receive power only from the hands that are holding them. Edged hand woodworking tools need to be sharpened, which is done using the sharpening jig and sharpening stone. A more novel method involves using sandpaper.[24] The more common modern hand tools are:

Hand tools
Clamps
Woodworking clamps
 
Woodworking clamps. The top left two are f-style clamps. On the right is a quick-grip Irwin clamp. In the bottom middle is a spring clamp.		 Clamps are used to hold a workpiece while being worked. Clamps vary in all shapes and sizes, from small C-clamps to very large bar or strap clamps.[25] A vise is a form of clamp, temporarily or permanently mounted as required. A woodworking vise is a vise specialized to the needs of a woodworker; numerous types have evolved.
Chisels
Wood chisels
 
Five woodworking wood chisels		 Chisels are tools with a long blade, a cutting edge, and a handle. Used for cutting and shaping wood or other materials.[25]
Claw hammer
Claw-hammer
 
A common hammer, the claw hammer, used in woodworking and other activities		 The claw hammer, which can hammer, pry, and pull nails, is the most common hammer used in woodworking.[25]
Hand plane
Hand planes
 
Two woodworking hand planes		 A hand plane is used to surface aspects of a workpiece.
Square
try square
 
A try square. A common style of square in woodworking is usually used for 90-degree angles		 The square is used to mark angles on any workpiece. An adjustable square also includes a ruler. A speed square can mark 90 and 45-degree fixed angles and any angle between 0 and 90 degrees using its long axis.[25]
Tape measure
Tape measure
 
Tape measure		 A tape measure is a retractable or flexible ruler that has measurement increments as small as 1/32" or 1 millimeter.
Handsaw
Handsaws
 
Three old handsaws		 A handsaw, according to Cambridge University, "a saw that is operated by hand rather than using electricity or a motor."[26]
Files & Rasps
Hand files and rasps
 
Top two are files. The bottom (orange-handled) tool is a rasp.		 Both files and rasps are used to grind down wood material, either to make the surface flat, rounded, concave, or many other shapes. Rasps make deeper cuts, while files make smaller, less harsh cuts in wood. The difference between the two is mainly their tooth size.[27]


 

Power tools

[edit]

Power tools are tools powered by an external energy source, such as a battery, motor, or a power cable connected to a wall outlet. The more common power tools are:[25]

Power tools
Drill
Power drill
 
Cordless electric power drill.		 The drill is a tool used to drill a hole or to insert a screw into a workpiece.[25]
Palm sander
Palm sanders
 
Two palm sanders. The left sander is an orbital palm sander. The sander on the right is a mouse sander. Which uses vibration instead of orbital motions.		 A palm sander is a small powered sander that uses either a vibration or orbital motion to move a piece of sandpaper upon the workpiece, making very fine modifications in smoothing your product.[25]
Compound miter saw
Electric compound miter saw
 
Electric compound miter saw.		 A compound miter saw, also known as a chop saw, is a stationary saw used for making precise cuts across the grain path of a board. These cuts can be made at any angle the particular saw is capable of.[25]
Table saw
Tablesaw
 
Electric plug-in tablesaw for woodworking.		 A table saw is intended to make long, precise cuts along the grain pattern of the board, known as rip cuts. Most table saws offer the option of a beveled rip cut.[25]
Thickness planer   A thickness planer is used to smooth the surface of a board and make it the exact thickness across the entire board.[25]
Jointer
Powermatic jointer
 
Powermatic jointer for woodworking.		 A jointer is used to produce a flat surface along a board's length and to create a square (or 90°) edge between two adjoining surfaces.[25]
Band saw
Band saw
 
Plug-in band saw.		 A band saw[25] is used to make both irregularly shaped cuts and cuts through material thicker than a table saw can manage. It is much more robust[28] than the jigsaw or more delicate scroll saw, also regularly used in woodworking.
Drill press
Drill press
 
Older drill press. Floor-mounted drill press.		 A drill press is an important tool used in woodworking. It is similar to a hand drill but is a table- or floor-mounted machine that uses a shaft with a spring-loaded handle to lower the drill bit into the wood or other material. Many woodworkers use a hand drill, but a drill press is even more accurate and powerful.[29]
Drum sander   A drum sander is a machine that uses a wide rotating sandpaper drum to sand down a piece of wood as it rolls through the tool. Similar to a planer in how it operates, but instead of blades, a drum sander uses sandpaper.[30]

Notable woodworkers

[edit]
See also: List of furniture designers

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Barham, L.; Duller, G. A. T.; Candy, I.; Scott, C.; Cartwright, C. R.; Peterson, J. R.; Kabukcu, C.; Chapot, M. S.; Melia, F.; Rots, V.; George, N.; Taipale, N.; Gethin, P.; Nkombwe, P. (2023-10-05). "Evidence for the earliest structural use of wood at least 476,000 years ago". Nature. 622 (7981): 107–111. Bibcode:2023Natur.622..107B. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06557-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10550827. PMID 37730994.
  2. ^ Allington-Jones, L., (2015) Archaeological Journal, 172 (2) 273–296 The Clacton Spear – The Last One Hundred Years
  3. ^ Hutson, Jarod M.; Villaluenga, Aritza; García-Moreno, Alejandro; Turner, Elaine; Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine (November 2024). "Persistent predators: Zooarchaeological evidence for specialized horse hunting at Schöningen 13II-4". Journal of Human Evolution. 196 103590. Bibcode:2024JHumE.19603590H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103590. hdl:10810/75986. PMID 39357283.
  4. ^ Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine; Kindler, Lutz; MacDonald, Katharine; Roebroeks, Wil (2023). "Hunting and processing of straight-tusked elephants 125.000 years ago: Implications for Neanderthal behavior". Science Advances. 9 (5) eadd8186. Bibcode:2023SciA....9D8186G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add8186. PMC 9891704. PMID 36724231.
  5. ^ Leder, Dirk; Lehmann, Jens; Milks, Annemieke; Koddenberg, Tim; Sietz, Michael; Vogel, Matthias; Böhner, Utz; Terberger, Thomas (2024-04-09). "The wooden artifacts from Schöningen's Spear Horizon and their place in human evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (15) e2320484121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12120484L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2320484121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 11009636. PMID 38557183.
  6. ^ Killen, Geoffrey (1994). Egyptian Woodworking and Furniture. Shire Publications. ISBN 0-7478-0239-4.
  7. ^ Leospo, Enrichetta (2001), "Woodworking in Ancient Egypt", The Art of Woodworking, Turin: Museo Egizio, p. 20
  8. ^ Leospo, pp. 20–21
  9. ^ Leospo, pp. 17–19
  10. ^ a b Ulrich, Roger B. (2008). Roman Woodworking. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13460-5. OCLC 192003268.
  11. ^ Vitruvius. De architectura. 1:2.9.1.
  12. ^ Pliny (1938). Natural History.
  13. ^ "A Complete Guide To All The Types Of Furniture Styles". Bassett Furniture. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  14. ^ a b "differences American hardwoods and tropical hardwoods | Hardwood Distributors". www.hardwooddistributors.org. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Stephen., Corbett (2012). The practical woodworker: a comprehensive step-by-step course in working with wood. Freeman, John. Wigston: Southwater. ISBN 978-1-78019-220-8. OCLC 801605649.
  16. ^ a b c Korn, Peter (2003). Woodworking basics: mastering the essentials of craftsmanship. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-620-X. OCLC 51810586.
  17. ^ "Lumber Buying Guide". www.lowes.com. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h "Types of Wood for Woodworking – dummies". dummies. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  19. ^ "Working with pine, tips and tricks for success". Wood magazine. Meredith Corporation. March 2003. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  20. ^ "The Wood Database". 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2022-06-22.
  21. ^ a b c "The Best Woods for DIY Furniture". 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  22. ^ "Woodworking Basics". Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  23. ^ a b c d e f "Top Hardwoods for Carving | Hardwood Distributors". www.hardwooddistributors.org. 2015-05-19. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  24. ^ Kolle, Jefferson (January 2000). "Getting an Edge with Waterstones, Oilstones, and Sandpaper". Fine Woodworking. No. 140. Taunton Press. pp. 56–61. Archived from the original on June 21, 2010. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "top 40 woodworking tools". 2013-04-13.
  26. ^ "handsaw". Cambridge Dictionary.
  27. ^ Kelsey, John (2004-10-28). "Files & Rasps". This Old House. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  28. ^ "Difference Between Band Saw Vs Scroll Saw". Woodworking Arena. 2020-05-10. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  29. ^ "A Drill Press Will Make You a Better Woodworker". FineWoodworking. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  30. ^ "Planer vs Drum Sander - Which Should You Choose? - Rockler". Rockler Woodworking and Hardware. Retrieved 2023-05-02.

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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Wikiversity has learning resources about Woodworking
 
 

 

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