What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Expert Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today!

What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Expert Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today!

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Assessing Portfolio and Past Projects: Indicators of Quality and Expertise


When it comes to hiring the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, the secret lies not just in finding someone who can simply build a deck but in identifying a craftsman who brings expertise, quality, and reliability to the table. Assessing a contractors portfolio and past projects is a critical step in making sure youve chosen the right person for the job.


Firstly, a quality portfolio should showcase a variety of projects that highlight the builders range and skills. Look for clear, high-resolution images that show the decks from multiple angles (and during different times of the day), emphasizing details such as the railing, stairs, and the integration of the deck with the rest of the house. The presence of before-and-after shots can also provide insights into how the builder handles challenges and transforms spaces.


Moreover, when reviewing past projects, it's important to note the materials used. A deck thats built to last will use high-quality, durable materials suited to Knoxville's climate. Whether it's pressure-treated wood, composites, or exotic hardwoods, each material choice speaks volumes about a builders expertise and their commitment to longevity and maintenance needs.


Another indicator of quality and expertise is the level of customization in a builders projects. A skilled deck builder should be able to tailor their designs to fit the specific needs and aesthetic preferences of each homeowner. This might mean innovative solutions for space constraints, or perhaps creative incorporation of outdoor kitchens, fire pits, or built-in seating.


Don't forget to read reviews and ask for references! Feedback from past clients can provide real-world proof of a builder's professionalism and the overall satisfaction of homeowners with their projects. Pay special attention to comments about how the builder handled setbacks or unexpected issues (as these are inevitable in any construction project).


Lastly, a face-to-face meeting or a direct phone call can allow you to gauge their communication skills and responsiveness-key qualities that will affect the smoothness of your project. Ask pointed questions about timelines, the types of materials they recommend, and how they plan to handle any potential challenges specific to your site or design.


Choosing the right deck builder is crucial for creating a long-lasting outdoor space that you'll love and enjoy for years to come! Taking the time to assess a builder's portfolio and past projects thoroughly can save you from many headaches down the road. premium Remember, the best builders will have a solid track record of quality and expertise (and theyll be excited to show it off)!

Understanding Contract Essentials: What Every Homeowner Needs to Know


When it comes to enhancing your homes outdoor space, hiring the right deck builder in Knoxville, TN, can make all the difference. The secret to finding the best professional for this crucial job involves a blend of research, understanding contract essentials, and knowing what specific qualities to look for.


Firstly, it's important to conduct thorough research. Start by checking online reviews and asking for recommendations from friends and family. Its not just about finding someone with good reviews, but also ensuring they have experience specific to deck building (in Knoxville!). This tailored expertise ensures they are familiar with local weather conditions and building codes, which can significantly affect the durability and safety of your deck.


Understanding the contract essentials before signing anything is crucial. Ensure that the contract includes detailed information about the materials to be used, timelines, costs, and the scope of the project. It's important to ask questions if anything is unclear (and to make sure there are no hidden clauses that could lead to unexpected costs or delays). A clear contract not only protects you but also sets clear expectations for both parties.


Another key aspect is to verify the credentials of the deck builder. Check if they are licensed and insured. This is not just a bureaucratic step; its about ensuring that they are legally recognized to perform construction work and that they carry insurance, which protects you in case of accidents or damage to your property during the construction.


Lastly, a great tip is to look at their past work. A reliable deck builder should be able to provide you with a portfolio of their previous projects. This not only showcases their skill and creativity but gives you a tangible sense of what your own deck might look like. What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Expert Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today! . Don't hesitate to ask for references (or even visit an ongoing project, if possible) to see their craftsmanship firsthand!


In conclusion, the secret to hiring the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN lies in diligent research, understanding the fine print of contracts, verifying credentials, and evaluating previous work. Taking these steps will help ensure that you find an expert who can create a beautiful, long-lasting outdoor space for your home. Get started today and transform your backyard into your new favorite spot!

The Importance of Post-Construction Services and Warranties


When it comes to building the perfect deck in Knoxville, TN, selecting the right deck builder is just the start.

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  1. veranda
  2. fasteners
  3. installation
  4. electric
timber The real secret to ensuring that your newly built outdoor space lasts for years and provides continuous enjoyment lies not only in the craftsmanship during construction but also significantly in the post-construction services and warranties offered.


Understanding the importance of these services can be the difference between a deck that stands the test of time and one that requires frequent, costly repairs. Post-construction services include regular maintenance checks and follow-ups to address any issues that might arise after the deck is built. These services are crucial as they help in identifying potential problems early, preventing them from becoming major issues.


Moreover, warranties play a pivotal role. A robust warranty can give homeowners peace of mind, knowing that their investment is protected. Its important to ensure that the warranty covers various aspects of the decks construction and the materials used. Some warranties might cover structural integrity while others might include protection against rot or insect damage (which are common concerns in outdoor wooden structures).


However, not all deck builders in Knoxville offer comprehensive post-construction services or long-term warranties. Hence, when hiring a deck builder, its essential to inquire about these aspects. Ask detailed questions about what their service after the construction includes and the length and breadth of their warranty. It's also beneficial to check reviews or ask for references to see how responsive and responsible the builder is with post-construction support.


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Remember, the best deck builder doesn't just build; they also care about the longevity and quality of their work after the job is done.

timber

  • anchoring
  • brackets
  • local
  • LenoirCity
So, make sure to discuss post-construction services and warranties in detail (they shouldnt shy away from this topic if they are confident in their work!). Investing in a builder who offers comprehensive support post-construction will ensure that your deck remains a safe, enjoyable, and beautiful space for many years!


Don't overlook these critical elements – they are what truly make a deck builder stand out from the rest!

Leveraging Local Knowledge: Why Choosing a Local Expert Matters


When it comes to building the perfect deck for your home in Knoxville, TN, nothing beats the expertise and local know-how of a local deck builder! The secret to hiring the best deck builder lies in recognizing the immense value that local knowledge brings to the table.


Firstly, local deck builders have a keen understanding of the regional climate and environmental conditions. Knoxville experiences a varied climate, which can significantly influence the choice of materials and construction techniques used in deck building. A local expert is familiar with these nuances and can recommend the best materials that will withstand the local weather, ensuring that your deck lasts longer.


Additionally, local builders are more accessible for consultations and follow-ups. This proximity allows for better communication and quicker response times, which are crucial during a construction project. If theres an issue or if you need to make a quick decision, having your builder nearby can make a huge difference.


Moreover, hiring a local expert also supports the local economy. By choosing a local deck builder, youre investing in your community and helping to create jobs in Knoxville. This community-focused approach not only helps in building economic strength but also fosters a sense of community pride and connection.


Furthermore, local deck builders are likely to be more vested in the quality of their work. Their business heavily relies on the reputation they build within the community. As such, they are motivated to perform excellently and ensure high-quality results which are often evident in the craftsmanship of your deck.


However, it's also important to note that not all local builders are created equal. It's crucial to do your due diligence. Look for builders who have strong testimonials and can provide examples of their previous work. (Dont hesitate to ask around; word-of-mouth can be incredibly telling.)


In conclusion, when youre looking to hire a deck builder in Knoxville, TN, leveraging local knowledge is not just beneficial; its essential. A local expert brings invaluable insights into local building codes, weather resilience, material suitability, and maintains a level of accountability that is hard to match by someone from outside the area. So, take your time, do your research, and choose a local builder who will help bring your dream deck to life!

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Citations and other links

"Designed" and "Designing" redirect here. For other uses, see Design (disambiguation).
Braun ABW30 wall clock designed by Dieter Rams and Dietrich Lubs [de] (early 1980s)
Victorinox Swiss Army knife
Brionvega RR 126 [it] radiogram designed by Achille and Pier Giacomo Castiglioni
An image of cutlery designed by Zaha Hadid
Cutlery designed by architect and designer Zaha Hadid (2007). The slightly oblique end part of the fork and the spoons, as well as the knife handle, are examples of designing for both aesthetic form and practical function.
Early concept design sketches by the architect Erling Viksjø, exploring the relationships between existing and proposed new buildings
Béla Barényi holding car model
Barényi Béla, considered to be the father of safe driving and safety tests, preparing for safety development, which is a core part of the designing process

A design is the concept or proposal for an object, process, or system. The word design refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something – its design. The verb to design expresses the process of developing a design. In some cases, the direct construction of an object without an explicit prior plan may also be considered to be a design, such as in arts and crafts. A design is expected to have a purpose within a specific context, typically aiming to satisfy certain goals and constraints while taking into account aesthetic, functional and experiential considerations. Traditional examples of designs are architectural and engineering drawings, circuit diagrams, sewing patterns, and less tangible artefacts such as business process models.[1][2]

Designing

[edit]

People who produce designs are called designers. The term 'designer' usually refers to someone who works professionally in a design field. Within the professions, the word 'designer' is generally qualified by the area of practice (for example: a fashion designer, a product designer, a web designer, or an interior designer), but it can also designate other practitioners such as architects and engineers (see below: Types of designing). A designer's sequence of activities to produce a design is called a design process, with some employing designated processes such as design thinking and design methods. The process of creating a design can be brief (a quick sketch) or lengthy and complicated, involving considerable research, negotiation, reflection, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.

Designing is also a widespread activity outside of the professions of those formally recognized as designers. In his influential book The Sciences of the Artificial, the interdisciplinary scientist Herbert A. Simon proposed that, "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones."[3] According to the design researcher Nigel Cross, "Everyone can – and does – design," and "Design ability is something that everyone has, to some extent, because it is embedded in our brains as a natural cognitive function."[4]

History of design

[edit]
Main article: Design history

The study of design history is complicated by varying interpretations of what constitutes 'designing'. Many design historians, such as John Heskett, look to the Industrial Revolution and the development of mass production.[5] Others subscribe to conceptions of design that include pre-industrial objects and artefacts, beginning their narratives of design in prehistoric times.[6] Originally situated within art history, the historical development of the discipline of design history coalesced in the 1970s, as interested academics worked to recognize design as a separate and legitimate target for historical research.[7] Early influential design historians include German-British art historian Nikolaus Pevsner and Swiss historian and architecture critic Sigfried Giedion.

Design education

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In Western Europe, institutions for design education date back to the nineteenth century. The Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry was founded in 1818, followed by the United Kingdom's Government School of Design (1837), and Konstfack in Sweden (1844). The Rhode Island School of Design was founded in the United States in 1877. The German art and design school Bauhaus, founded in 1919, greatly influenced modern design education.[8]

Design education covers the teaching of theory, knowledge, and values in the design of products, services, and environments, with a focus on the development of both particular and general skills for designing. Traditionally, its primary orientation has been to prepare students for professional design practice, based on project work and studio, or atelier, teaching methods.

There are also broader forms of higher education in design studies and design thinking. Design is also a part of general education, for example within the curriculum topic, Design and Technology. The development of design in general education in the 1970s created a need to identify fundamental aspects of 'designerly' ways of knowing, thinking, and acting, which resulted in establishing design as a distinct discipline of study.[9]

Design process

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Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields, whether amateur or professional, alone or in teams, produce designs.[10] Design researchers Dorst and Dijkhuis acknowledged that "there are many ways of describing design processes," and compare and contrast two dominant but different views of the design process: as a rational problem-solving process and as a process of reflection-in-action. They suggested that these two paradigms "represent two fundamentally different ways of looking at the world – positivism and constructionism."[11] The paradigms may reflect differing views of how designing should be done and how it actually is done, and both have a variety of names. The problem-solving view has been called "the rational model,"[12] "technical rationality"[13] and "the reason-centric perspective."[14] The alternative view has been called "reflection-in-action,"[13] "coevolution"[15] and "the action-centric perspective."[14]

Rational model

[edit]

The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,[16][17] an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz.[18] It posits that:

  1. Designers attempt to optimize a design candidate for known constraints and objectives.
  2. The design process is plan-driven.
  3. The design process is understood in terms of a discrete sequence of stages.

The rational model is based on a rationalist philosophy[12] and underlies the waterfall model,[19] systems development life cycle,[20] and much of the engineering design literature.[21] According to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner.[22]

Typical stages consistent with the rational model include the following:[23]

Each stage has many associated best practices.[25]

Criticism of the rational model

[edit]

The rational model has been widely criticized on two primary grounds:

  1. Designers do not work this way – extensive empirical evidence has demonstrated that designers do not act as the rational model suggests.[13][14][26]
  2. Unrealistic assumptions – goals are often unknown when a design project begins, and the requirements and constraints continue to change.[12][27]

Action-centric model

[edit]

The action-centric perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to the rational model.[14] It posits that:

  1. Designers use creativity and emotion to generate design candidates.
  2. The design process is improvised.
  3. No universal sequence of stages is apparent – analysis, design, and implementation are contemporary and inextricably linked.[14]

The action-centric perspective is based on an empiricist philosophy and broadly consistent with the agile approach[28] and methodical development.[29] Substantial empirical evidence supports the veracity of this perspective in describing the actions of real designers.[26] Like the rational model, the action-centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge.[30]

At least two views of design activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both involve these three basic activities:

  • In the reflection-in-action paradigm, designers alternate between "framing", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation process may lead to further moves in the design.[13]
  • In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its three titular activities. Sensemaking includes both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the process where the design agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the design object based on its mental picture of the context, and vice versa".[14]

The concept of the design cycle is understood as a circular time structure,[31] which may start with the thinking of an idea, then expressing it by the use of visual or verbal means of communication (design tools), the sharing and perceiving of the expressed idea, and finally starting a new cycle with the critical rethinking of the perceived idea. Anderson points out that this concept emphasizes the importance of the means of expression, which at the same time are means of perception of any design ideas.[32]

Philosophies

[edit]

Philosophy of design is the study of definitions, assumptions, foundations, and implications of design. There are also many informal 'philosophies' for guiding design such as personal values, personal aesthetics or preferred approaches.

Approaches to design

[edit]

Some of these values and approaches include:

  • Conscious design is an intentional, systems-aware approach that prioritizes the long-term impact of objects and environments on both human well-being and ecological health. It goes beyond just aesthetics by integrating circular economy principles, ethical material sourcing, and psychological health into the core of the design process.[33][34][35][36][37]
  • Critical design uses designed artefacts as an embodied critique or commentary on existing values, morals, and practices in a culture. Critical design can make aspects of the future physically present to provoke a reaction.[38][39][40]
  • Ecological design is a design approach that prioritizes the consideration of the environmental impacts of a product or service, over its whole lifecycle.[41][42] Ecodesign research focuses primarily on barriers to implementation, ecodesign tools and methods, and the intersection of ecodesign with other research disciplines.[43][44]
  • Participatory design (originally co-operative design, now often co-design) is the practice of collective creativity to design, attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end-users) in the design process to help ensure the result meets their needs and is usable.[45] Recent research suggests that designers create more innovative concepts and ideas when working within a co-design environment with others than they do when creating ideas on their own.[46][47]
  • Scientific design refers to industrialised design based on scientific knowledge.[48] Science can be used to study the effects and need for a potential or existing product in general and to design products that are based on scientific knowledge. For instance, a scientific design of face masks for COVID-19 mitigation may be based on investigations of filtration performance, mitigation performance,[49][50] thermal comfort, biodegradability and flow resistance.[51][52]
  • Service design is a term that is used for designing or organizing the experience around a product and the service associated with a product's use. The purpose of service design methodologies is to establish the most effective practices for designing services, according to both the needs of users and the competencies and capabilities of service providers.[53][54][55][56]
  • Sociotechnical system design, a philosophy and tools for participative designing of work arrangements and supporting processes – for organizational purpose, quality, safety, economics, and customer requirements in core work processes, the quality of peoples experience at work, and the needs of society.
  • Transgenerational design, the practice of making products and environments compatible with those physical and sensory impairments associated with human aging and which limit major activities of daily living.
  • User-centered design, which focuses on the needs, wants, and limitations of the end-user of the designed artefact. One aspect of user-centered design is ergonomics.
 

Types of designing

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See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dictionary meanings in the Cambridge Dictionary of American English, at Dictionary.com (esp. meanings 1–5 and 7–8) and at AskOxford (especially verbs).
  2. ^ "The greatest designs of modern times". Fortune. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  3. ^ Simon, Herbert A. (1969). The Sciences of the Artificial (first ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press. p. 54.
  4. ^ Cross, Nigel (2011). Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work. Berg. pp. 3 & 140. ISBN 978-1-84788-846-4.
  5. ^ Heskett, John (1963) Industrial Design. Thames & Hudson.
  6. ^ Huppatz, D. J. (2015). "Globalizing Design History and Global Design History". Journal of Design History. 28 (2): 182–202. doi:10.1093/jdh/epv002. ISSN 0952-4649. JSTOR 43831904.
  7. ^ Margolin, Victor (April 1, 2009). "Design in History". Design Issues. 25 (2): 94–105. doi:10.1162/desi.2009.25.2.94. eISSN 1531-4790. ISSN 0747-9360. S2CID 57562456.
  8. ^ Naylor, Gillian (1985). The Bauhaus Reassessed. Herbert Press. ISBN 0-906969-30-1.
  9. ^ Cross, Nigel (1982). "Design as a Discipline: Designerly Ways of Knowing". Design Studies. 3 (4): 221–227. doi:10.1016/0142-694X(82)90040-0.
  10. ^ Coyne, Richard (1990). "Logic of design actions". Knowledge-Based Systems. 3 (4): 242–257. doi:10.1016/0950-7051(90)90103-o. ISSN 0950-7051.
  11. ^ Dorst, Kees; Dijkhuis, Judith (1995). "Comparing paradigms for describing design activity". Design Studies. 16 (2): 261–274. doi:10.1016/0142-694X(94)00012-3.
  12. ^ a b c Brooks, F. P (2010). The Design of Design: Essays from a Computer Scientist. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-321-70206-7.
  13. ^ a b c d Schön, D.A. (1983) The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action, Basic Books, USA. ISBN 978-0465068784
  14. ^ a b c d e f Ralph, P. (2010) "Comparing two software design process theories". International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2010), Springer, St. Gallen, Switzerland, pp. 139–153. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13335-0_10.
  15. ^ Dorst, Kees; Cross, Nigel (2001). "Creativity in the design process: Co-evolution of problem–solution" (PDF). Design Studies. 22 (5): 425–437. doi:10.1016/S0142-694X(01)00009-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-11-02.
  16. ^ Newell, A., and Simon, H. (1972) Human problem solving, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  17. ^ Simon, H.A. (1996) The sciences of the artificial Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. p. 111. ISBN 0-262-69191-4.
  18. ^ Pahl, G., and Beitz, W. (1996) Engineering design: A systematic approach Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, Springer-Verlag, London. ISBN 3-540-19917-9.
  19. ^ Royce, W.W. (1970) "Managing the development of large software systems: Concepts and techniques," Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Proceedings of Wescon.
  20. ^ Bourque, P., and Dupuis, R. (eds.) (2004) Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge Archived 2012-01-24 at the Wayback Machine (SWEBOK). IEEE Computer Society Press, ISBN 0-7695-2330-7.
  21. ^ Pahl, G., Beitz, W., Feldhusen, J., and Grote, K.-H. (2007 ) Engineering design: A systematic approach Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, (3rd ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 1-84628-318-3.
  22. ^ Mielnik, Anna. Under the power of reason. Krakow University of Technology. Archived from the original on 2022-08-27. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
  23. ^ Condrea, Ionut; Botezatu, C.; Slătineanu, L.; Oroian, B. (February 2021). "Elaboration of the initial requirements in the design activities". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1037 (1) 012002. Bibcode:2021MS&E.1037a2002S. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1037/1/012002. S2CID 234019940.
  24. ^ Cross, N., (2006). T211 Design and Designing: Block 2, p. 99. Milton Keynes: The Open University.
  25. ^ Ullman, David G. (2009) The Mechanical Design Process, Mc Graw Hill, 4th edition ISBN 0-07-297574-1
  26. ^ a b Cross, N., Dorst, K., and Roozenburg, N. (1992) Research in design thinking, Delft University Press, Delft. ISBN 90-6275-796-0.
  27. ^ McCracken, D.D.; Jackson, M.A. (1982). "Life cycle concept considered harmful". ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes. 7 (2): 29–32. doi:10.1145/1005937.1005943. S2CID 9323694. Archived from the original on 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  28. ^ Beck, K., Beedle, M., van Bennekum, A., Cockburn, A., Cunningham, W., Fowler, M., Grenning, J., Highsmith, J., Hunt, A., Jeffries, R., Kern, J., Marick, B., Martin, R.C., Mellor, S., Schwaber, K., Sutherland, J., and Thomas, D. (2001) Manifesto for agile software development Archived 2021-03-27 at the Wayback Machine.
  29. ^ Truex, D.; Baskerville, R.; and Travis, J. (2000). "Amethodical systems development: The deferred meaning of systems development methods". Accounting, Management and Information Technologies. 10 (1): 53–79. doi:10.1016/S0959-8022(99)00009-0.
  30. ^ Faste, Trygve; Faste, Haakon (2012-08-15). "Demystifying "design research": design is not research, research is design" (PDF). Industrial Designers Society of America. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-19. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  31. ^ Fischer, Thomas "Design Enigma. A typographical metaphor for enigmatic processes, including designing", in: T. Fischer, K. De Biswas, J.J. Ham, R. Naka, W.X. Huang, Beyond Codes and Pixels: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia, p. 686
  32. ^ Anderson, Jane (2011) Architectural Design, Basics Architecture 03, Lausanne, AVA academia, p. 40. ISBN 978-2-940411-26-9.
  33. ^ "Conscious Design: Designing for People and the Planet". Steelcase. Steelcase Inc. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  34. ^ "The Rise of Conscious Design: Volvo Cars' commitment to a leather-free future" (PDF). Volvo Car Corporation. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  35. ^ "The Rise of Conscious Design". The Future Laboratory. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  36. ^ "Conscious Design Principles". The Center for Conscious Design. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  37. ^ "What is Conscious Design and How Do I Achieve It?". Inside Fashion Design. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  38. ^ Lab, MIT Media (16 July 2015). "Introducing the Media Lab Award". Medium.
  39. ^ Dunne, Anthony; Raby, Fiona (6 December 2013). Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01984-2. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  40. ^ Malpass, Matt (Spring 2015). "Criticism and Function in Critical Design Practice" (PDF). Design Issues. 31 (2): 59–71. doi:10.1162/DESI_a_00322. S2CID 57571804.
  41. ^ Kanaani, Mitra (2023). The Routledge companion to ecological design thinking: healthful ecotopian visions for architecture and urbanism. New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-003-18318-1. OCLC 1332789897.cite book: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ^ van der Ryn, Sim; Cowan, Stuart (1996). An Introduction to Ecological Design. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. ISBN 978-1-59726-140-1.
  43. ^ Schäfer M, Löwer M. Ecodesign—A Review of Reviews. Sustainability. 2021; 13(1):315. doi.org/10.3390/su13010315
  44. ^ Lewis, Tania (April 2008). "Transforming citizens? Green politics and ethical consumption on lifestyle television". Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies. 22 (2): 227–240. doi:10.1080/10304310701864394. S2CID 144299069.
  45. ^ Sanders, Elizabeth B.-N.; Stappers, Pieter Jan (2008). "Co-creation and the new landscape of design". CoDesign. 4 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1080/15710880701875068.
  46. ^ Mitchell, Val; Ross, Tracy; Sims, Ruth; Parker, Christopher J. (2015). "Empirical investigation of the impact of using co-design methods when generating proposals for sustainable travel solutions". CoDesign. 12 (4): 205–220. doi:10.1080/15710882.2015.1091894.
  47. ^ Trischler, Jakob; Pervan, Simon J.; Kelly, Stephen J.; Scott, Don R. (2018). "The Value of Codesign". Journal of Service Research. 21: 75–100. doi:10.1177/1094670517714060.
  48. ^ Cross, Nigel (1 June 1993). "Science and design methodology: A review". Research in Engineering Design. 5 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1007/BF02032575. ISSN 1435-6066. S2CID 110223861. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  49. ^ "Face shields, masks with valves ineffective against COVID-19 spread: study". phys.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  50. ^ Verma, Siddhartha; Dhanak, Manhar; Frankenfield, John (1 September 2020). "Visualizing droplet dispersal for face shields and masks with exhalation valves". Physics of Fluids. 32 (9): 091701. arXiv:2008.00125. Bibcode:2020PhFl...32i1701V. doi:10.1063/5.0022968. ISSN 1070-6631. PMC 7497716. PMID 32952381.
  51. ^ "Face masks slow spread of COVID-19; types of masks, length of use matter". phys.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  52. ^ Kumar, Sanjay; Lee, Heow Pueh (李孝培) (1 November 2020). "The perspective of fluid flow behavior of respiratory droplets and aerosols through the facemasks in context of SARS-CoV-2". Physics of Fluids. 32 (11): 111301. arXiv:2010.06385. Bibcode:2020PhFl...32k1301K. doi:10.1063/5.0029767. ISSN 1070-6631. PMC 7713871. PMID 33281434.
  53. ^ Segelström, Fabian; Raijmakers, Bas; Holmlid, Stefan (January 2009). "Thinking and Doing Ethnography in Service Design" (PDF). Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  54. ^ Buur, Jacob; Binder, Thomas; Brandt, Eva (2000-01-01). "Taking Video beyond 'Hard Data' in User Centred Design". Participatory Design Conference.
  55. ^ Holmlid, Stefan (2007-05-27). "Creative Arts". Nordes. Nordes 2007: Design Inquiries. 1 (2). doi:10.21606/nordes.2007.031. ISBN 978-1-912294-46-6. ISSN 1604-9705. S2CID 109110352 – via nordes.org in proceedings from Nordic Design Research Conference, Design Inquiries.
  56. ^ Sophia, Parker; Heapy, Joe (2006-07-01). "The Journey to the Interface, how public service design can connect users to reform" (PDF). Demos.

Further reading

[edit]
Library resources about
Design
 
 

 

 

For the 1990s sitcom, see Home Improvement (TV series). For other uses, see Home improvement (disambiguation).
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Merchandise on display in a hardware store

Home improvement is the process of renovating, making improvements or making additions to one's home.[1] Home improvement can consist of projects that upgrade an existing home interior (such as electrical and plumbing), exterior (masonry, concrete, siding, roofing) or other improvements to the property (i.e. garden work or garage maintenance/additions). Home improvement projects can be carried out for a number of different reasons; personal preference and comfort, maintenance or repair work, making a home bigger by adding rooms/spaces, as a means of saving energy, or to improve safety.[2]

Types of home improvement

[edit]

While "home improvement" often refers to building projects that alter the structure of an existing home, it can also include improvements to lawns, gardens, and outdoor structures, such as gazebos and garages. It also encompasses maintenance, repair, and general servicing tasks. Home improvement projects generally have one or more of the following goals:[citation needed]

Comfort

[edit]

Maintenance and repair

[edit]
Man painting a fence

Maintenance projects can include:

Additional space

[edit]

Additional living space may be added by:

  • Turning marginal areas into livable spaces such as turning basements into recrooms, home theaters, or home offices – or attics into spare bedrooms.
  • Extending one's house with rooms added to the side of one's home or, sometimes, extra levels to the original roof. Such a new unit of construction is called an "add-on".[3]

Saving energy

[edit]

Homeowners may reduce utility costs with:

Safety, emergency management, security and privacy

[edit]

The need to be safer or for better privacy or emergency management can be fulfilled with diversified measures which can be improved, maintained or added. Secret compartments and passages can also be conceived for privacy and security.

Home improvement industry

[edit]
Screws and bolts in an OBI home improvement store in Poland
Further information: Hardware store

Home or residential renovation is an almost $300 billion industry in the United States,[5] and a $48 billion industry in Canada.[6][full citation needed] The average cost per project is $3,000 in the United States and $11,000–15,000 in Canada.

Professional home improvement is ancient and goes back to the beginning of recorded civilization. One example is Sergius Orata, who in the 1st century B.C. is said by the writer Vitruvius (in his famous book De architectura) to have invented the hypocaust. The hypocaust is an underfloor heating system that was used throughout the Roman Empire in villas of the wealthy. He is said to have become wealthy himself by buying villas at a low price, adding spas and his newly invented hypocaust, and reselling them at higher prices.[7]

Renovation contractors

[edit]

Perhaps the most important or visible professionals in the renovation industry are renovation contractors or skilled trades. These are the builders that have specialized credentials, licensing and experience to perform renovation services in specific municipalities.

While there is a fairly large "grey market" of unlicensed companies, there are those that have membership in a reputable association and/or are accredited by a professional organization. Homeowners are recommended to perform checks such as verifying license and insurance and checking business references prior to hiring a contractor to work on their house.

Lifestyle publications often provide guidance for homeowners on budget-conscious upgrades, emphasizing strategies to refresh living spaces quickly and affordably.[8]

Because interior renovation will touch the change of the internal structure of the house, ceiling construction, circuit configuration and partition walls, etc., such work related to the structure of the house, of course, also includes renovation of wallpaper posting, furniture settings, lighting, etc.

Aggregators

[edit]

Aggregators are companies that bundle home improvement service offers and act as intermediary agency between service providers and customers.

[edit]

Home improvement was popularized on television in 1979 with the premiere of This Old House starring Bob Vila on PBS. American cable channel HGTV features many do-it-yourself shows, as does sister channel DIY Network.[9] Danny Lipford hosts and produces the nationally syndicated Today's Homeowner with Danny Lipford. Tom Kraeutler and Leslie Segrete co-host the nationally syndicated The Money Pit Home Improvement Radio Show.

Movies that poked fun at the difficulties involved include: Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948), starring Cary Grant and Myrna Loy; George Washington Slept Here (1942), featuring Jack Benny and Ann Sheridan; and The Money Pit (1986), with Tom Hanks and Shelley Long. The sitcom Home Improvement used the home improvement theme for comedic purposes.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Home improvement".
  2. ^ "HOME IMPROVEMENTS definition in American English | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. February 13, 2020.
  3. ^ "Add-on". English Oxford Living Dictionary (US). Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  4. ^ Use a Programmable Thermostat, Common Sense, to Reduce Energy Bills Archived July 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Brett Freeman, oldhouseweb.com
  5. ^ "Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, 2007" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  6. ^ "Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation - Société canadienne d'hypothèques et de logement". Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
  7. ^ "Canada Homeowners Community - Example of Low-Cost Advices used by Canadian Homeowners (Community) for Home Improvement that boost the sale of your Home". Canada Homeowners Community. January 12, 2020.
  8. ^ Kalinowski, Allison (April 7, 2020). "Tips To Make Your Home Feel Like New This Weekend". HuffPost. Retrieved September 22, 2025.
  9. ^ Cerone, Daniel (September 17, 1991). "Tim Allen's Power Tools : Television: The comic who had Disney and cable executives abuzz parlayed his luck to develop 'Home Improvement". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Home improvement at Wikimedia Commons
Wikibooks logo
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Kitchen Remodel

 

For other uses, see Deck.
A deck in the backyard of a suburban house
A high level corridor deck in the backyard of a suburban house in Australia
A high level deck in the backyard of a suburban house in Australia. The decking is selangan batu, a Malaysian timber.

In architecture, a deck is a flat surface capable of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors, often elevated from the ground, and usually connected to a building. The term is a generalization from the deck of a ship. A level architectural deck may be intended for use by people, e.g., what in the UK is usually called a decked patio. "Roof deck" refers to the flat layer of construction materials to which the weather impervious layers are attached to form a roof, and they may be either level (for a "flat" rooftop) or sloped.

Functions and materials

[edit]

Wood or timber decking can be used in a number of ways: as part of garden landscaping, to extend the living area of a house, and as an alternative to stone-based features such as patios. Decks are made from treated lumber, composite lumber, composite material, and aluminum. Lumber may be western red cedar, teak, mahogany, ipê, reclaimed and recycled ulin and other hardwoods. Recycled planks may be high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS) and PET plastic as well as mixed plastics and wood fiber (often called "composite" lumber). Artificial decking products are often called "wood-plastic composites" (WPC). WPCs have different brands like NewTechWood, Azek, Ecornboard etc.[1]

Historically, the softwoods used for decking were logged from old growth forests. These include Atlantic white cedar, redwood, and western red cedar (redcedar). Atlantic City built the first coastal boardwalk in the United States, originally constructed of the Atlantic white cedar. Soon, the commercial logging of this tree and clearing of cedar swamps in New Jersey caused a decline in the availability of decking. Atlantic City and New York City both switched to Western red cedar. By the 1960s, western red cedar from the US was declining due to over-logging. More expensive western red cedar was available from western Canada (British Columbia) but by then, pressure-treated pine had become available.

But even with chemical treatments (such as chromated copper arsenate or CCA), pine decking is not as durable as cedars in an outdoor environment. Thus, many municipalities and homeowners are turning to hardwoods. Decks are often built from pressure-treated wood. Pressure-treated wood is long lasting and holds up to wet and icy conditions. Pressure-treating chemicals are known to be toxic.[2] Both softwood and hardwood decks need to be finished after installation using either an oil or varnish to prevent weathering, wear, mould, algae and wood-boring insects.[3]

Due to environmental and durability concerns, composite decking (a mixture of two materials, typically wood pulp and recycled material such as plastic bottles or plastic bags) have appeared on the market. Proponents of composite decking tout it as a much-needed development, as it helps to curb logging of trees for new decks. However, composite decking contains harmful chemicals, cannot be refurbished, and despite claims from decking companies, some composite decking still attracts mold. However, newer more modern composites feature a cap or shell that prevents mold and staining.[4] In multi-story commercial construction, the dominant form of deck (including roof deck) construction is composite steel deck.

Generally, hardwoods used for decking come from tropical forests. Much of the logging of these woods, especially teak, mahogany and ipê, is illegal, as outlined in numerous reports by environmental organizations such as Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth and Rainforest Relief.[5][6][7] US tropical wood imports are rising, partly due to the demand for decking.

Construction

[edit]

The deck of a house is generally a wooden platform built above the ground and connected to the main building. It is generally enclosed by a railing for safety. Access may be from the house through doors and from the ground via a stairway. Residential decks can be constructed over steep areas or rough ground that is otherwise unusable. Decks can also be covered by a canopy or pergola to control sunlight. Deck designs can be found in numerous books, do-it-yourself magazines, and websites, and from the USDA.[8]

Typical construction is either of a post and beam architecture, or a cantilever construction. The post-and-beam construction relies on posts anchored to piers in the ground. Typically, these types of structural decks are engineered and require an experienced construction company that specializes in structural decks. Cantilever decks rely on floor joists that protrude out further than the wall of the house. While this type of construction is common, it raises significant safety issues if the decks are not properly waterproofed and flashed. There have been a growing number of deck failures resulting in death and critical injuries. Another key component of decks are code compliant railings. Railings on decks above 760 mm (30 in) are considered guard rails.[according to whom?] Guard rails have a specific building code requirement for both height and structural strength. Most U.S. commercial building codes require a 1,100 mm (42 in) guardrail on decks, and 910 or 1,070 mm (36 or 42 in) for a residential code depending on the state. Typical railing assemblies must meet structural strength requirements of 9.6 kPa (200 lbf/ft2). In short, decks are complex load-bearing structures that most often require structural engineering, plans, and permits.

Residential decks may contain spaces for cooking and seating. Cooking areas ideally should be situated near the patio door while out of the way from general foot traffic. Dining spaces will include patio tables. For a typical six-person outdoor patio table building, an area of 3.7 m × 4.9 m (12 ft × 16 ft) is ideal. If deck space is available, homeowners may choose to include for the seating, outdoor couches and benches.

Larger buildings may also have decks on the upper floors of the building which can be open to the public as observation decks or greeneries. A deck is also the surface used to construct a boardwalk over sand on barrier islands.

Laying deck or throwing deck refers to the act of placing and bolting down cold-formed steel beneath roofing and concrete floors. This is usually done by an ironworker, sometimes in conjunction with a cement mason or carpenter. It regarded as one of the most physically demanding jobs in the iron working industry.[citation needed]

In the United Kingdom the various bans on smoking in public buildings were expected to lead to an increase in the use of timber decking for outdoor spaces where smokers can gather.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "How to Choose the Right Lumber for Your Deck?". 5 Nov 2023.
  2. ^ "Lumber Pressure Treated with Chromated Copper Arsenate". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 2013.
  3. ^ "Choosing The Best Decking Oil". Blueprint Joinery. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
  4. ^ Paster, Pablo (2009). "Deck: Wood or Plastic?". Treehugger.
  5. ^ Keating, Tim (1997), Teak is Torture: Forced Labor Logging in Burma (PDF), Rainforest Relief, New York
  6. ^ Keating, Tim (1998), Deep Impact: An Estimate of Tropical Rainforest Acres Impacted for a Board Foot of Imported Ipê (PDF), Rainforest Relief, New York
  7. ^ Monbiot, George (1992), Mahogany is Murder: Mahogany Extraction from Indian Reserves in Brazil, Friends of the Earth, London, ISBN 978-1-85750-160-5
  8. ^ L.O. Anderson, T.B. Heebink, and A.E. Oviatt. (1972)."Construction guides for exposed wood decks. Agriculture handbook no. 432". Washington: USDA, Forest Service.
  9. ^ "Smoking Ban Good News For Decking", Timber Construction, 2007
[edit]
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Decks (architecture) at Wikimedia Commons
 

 

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